Recently in the Seattle Times there was an editorial titled Making Seattle roads safe for all. The editorial states about 26 people die each year in Seattle from traffic injuries. Thousands more are injured each year in automobile collisions.

The editorial reasons a combination of factors are involved in collisions that result in injury: impairment, speed, distraction, inattention, following too closely, and failure to yield to name a few. As pointed out in the editorial “these are not accidents.”  These are injury collisions that could have and should have been prevented.

The editorial says what is needed to make our roads safer is to adhere to the “E’s of traffic safety-education, enforcement, environment, and empathy-because it will take a multifaceted approach to fix our roads… .”  When we apply these “E’s” to the civil justice system we see juries have a role in making our roads safer.

Education. When a collision is caused by the negligence of another driver our civil justice system provides for damages to the injured driver. When fair damages are awarded by the  jury the negligent driver is educated on the reality his negligence will result in paying compensation to the injured party. This also has the effect of educating society beyond the parties in the lawsuit. When a jury speaks society listens, and the message when compensation is awarded to the injured driver is negligence has a consequence.

Enforcement. When a negligent driver causes injury to another he generally receives a traffic citation. Usually a relatively small fine is paid- small in relation  to what has been done to the injured driver. When the negligent driver fails to account for his negligence he often ends up in a civil trial. When a jury provides fair compensation for the injured driver we have a higher level of enforcement. We have enforcement where the amount of damages paid by the negligent driver directly relates to the damage he caused.

Environment. In some cases the injury is caused by unsafe road conditions that the city, county, or state could have and should have made safe. When negligence is proved against the government, and fair damages are awarded, the government is held accountable for negligently allowing an unsafe environment. This in turn causes the government to be more diligent in ensuring a safe environment, because to not do so will result in a financial consequence.

Empathy. In our civil justice system this means caring for the parties in the case. When the plaintiff has been left with injuries through no fault of his own the caring thing to do is provide him with fair compensation. This is what the law provides, and in this way the law has empathy. Jurors are the caring arm of the law in a negligence case.

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In the movie Social Network Sean Parker says: ” When you go fishing you can catch a lot of fish, or you can catch a big fish. You ever walk into a guy’s den and see a picture of him standing next to fourteen trout?”

The movie is a fictional version of how Facebook  was started. Today it is a rare client who does not have a Facebook page or some type of internet presence.

Defense lawyers and insurance companies know this. Defense lawyers and insurance companies may use your client’s Facebook and/or internet postings to hurt your case. The harm can turn the case from a big fish to a little trout. This is why it is necessary to discuss the internet with our client.

Clients need to know that once a thought is posted on line regardless of whether it’s Facebook, a website, or an e-mail the post is available to the internet world. The rules of discovery allow the defense lawyer to request postings on the internet. Defense lawyers often seek production of internet social network postings, e-mails, and website postings.

Clients need to know there is nothing private on the internet. Clients need to refrain from posting any thought they do not want the world to know. On internet postings including e-mails follow these rules:

1. Never post content you do not want the whole world to see.

2. Never post when angry.

3. Think before the post is submitted.

4. Never post about your case (before trial/settlement, during, or after).

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To be effective a personal injury lawyer must be prepared to try the case. This post discusses the mentality of insurance companies and why filing the case is usually the only way to get a fair resolution for our client.

The Insurance Company. In a personal injury case the defendant is an individual or corporation in name but in reality we are pitted against an insurance company. Insurance companies deal in predictability. Insurance companies appreciate personal injury cases that present risk. A personal injury case  presents risk when it is going to trial.

The Traditional Model. Under the traditional model, the lawyer sends the insurance company a settlement demand before filing the case. This model evolved years ago when insurance companies were doing well on Wall Street from investment of their premiums beyond reserves. In recent years this has not been the case, so insurance companies are no longer willing to pay fair value for a non filed case that is presented for settlement.

Today’s Model.  The way to get fair value for the case today is try the case. Cases that must be moved to trial are cases where the client has permanent injuries and the insurance company fails to offer policy limits or an amount equal to a fair trial result. Limits will not be offered unless it is clear to the insurance company the case has a value in excess of limits. Even then the insurance company may not offer limits unless it knows the lawyer is a lawyer known to try cases. Under today’s model often the best course is to forget trying to settle the case and file it without discussion with the insurance company.

Settlement. After the case is filed and prepared for trial then it may be ready to settle. The mind set must be “I am going to try this case, and I am ready to try this case.” At this point we deal from a position of strength and the insurance company knows this. This is the point that settlement for fair value is possible. Fair value is the amount we believe the jury will pay minus the additional cost that will be incurred if the case proceeds to trial. When the insurance company fails to appreciate the case, proceed to trial.

Trial. Try the case at the highest level. In opening tell the jury the story with a straight forward factual narrative beginning with the defendant’s conduct. For plaintiff’s case have lay witness testimony from witnesses with significant knowledge of plaintiff and the liability facts. For the injuries present expert medical testimony from the treating physician whenever possible. In cross examination stick to major points remembering short is better then long. Rarely object, show professionalism and spontaneity. In closing introduce appropriate emotion and passion. Propose a verdict that is reasonable and show how it will make life better for all.

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I just finished a three day seminar taught by Bob Dawson and Mark Wagner. Both are successful personal injury lawyers. Both are graduates of The Gerry Spence Trial College. Although the seminar was not part of the Gerry Spence Trial College, it is clear both have changed how they practice law based on what they learned at The Trial College.

Discover the Story. At the seminar Bob and Mark stressed representation of a personal injury plaintiff cannot be done at the highest level unless the lawyer takes the time to discover the client’s story. The client’s story consists of the emotional components of their injury.

Listen. The client must reveal the significant emotional moments of her injury. Getting this to happen is the first step in becoming a quality trial lawyer. The key is to internalize our client’s emotional moments related to her injury. The only way this can be done is to listen to the client. The tendency is to illicit facts of the case from the client, and soon begin to fill in the facts with how we interpret the facts. We learn as early as law school how courts interpret facts. We want our client to have a case similar to other successful cases so he processes our client’s story like a successful personal injury case.  Thus, the story at least partially becomes our story. Once this happens our client’s story loses it’s emotional impact-it becomes a factual lawyer’s version. This causes the story to lack authenticity. The jury picks this up. The result is either bad or at best less than what the result will be if the story is told from the heart having internalized its emotional impact.

Your Story. Dawson and Wagner also teach to try a case at the highest level we must know our own story. This requires us to get in touch with our client’s emotions through relating to our own similar emotions. This means our betrayals, loves,  successes and failures.By doing this we are able to walk in our client’s shoes with honesty and reflection. Here we relate at the highest level with our client and the jury.

Honesty. Honesty must permeate our case from jury selection through closing argument. When we suffer defeat in a jury trial the tendency is to see the jury as a “bad jury” as if it is the jury that failed to appreciate our case. In reality it is our fault in failing to appreciate the case. When we tell the story on a surface level without demonstrating the emotions that accompany the story we leave the jury with an empty story. The jury responds with empty appreciation. When we get to the emotional level reliving the significant emotional moments of the injury we recreate what happens to our client. It is raw, it is real, it is full. The jury responds with a full result.

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Disfigurement damages are the easiest to prove, but the proper demonstration of disfigurement is often misunderstood.

Disfigurement. Disfigurement includes scars, missing body parts, deformed body parts,  skin color changes, loss of hair, and any  disturbing visual change to the body resulting from injury.

Most Important Body Parts. The most significant disfigurement cases involve the face. Our face is what we show the world. Our face is how we are first perceived. A facial disfigurement case is a substantial injury case. Second to our face is our hands. We can cover all parts of our body outside of our face and hands without being perceived as unusual. Arm and leg disfigurement is also difficult to hide especially arm disfigurement. In essence any disfigurement that is readily apparent and often exposed is a significant injury.

Sex and Age. As a general rule, disfigurement on a women is a more significant then the same  disfigurement on a man. Generally, disfigurement on a young person is a more significant then the same disfigurement on an older person. These realities are the realities of society and society members are who will be on your jury.

Demonstrating Disfigurement. The most important aspect of a disfigurement case is demonstrating disfigurement. The great trial lawyer Howard Nations says it best:

– Jurors are Subject to the Anesthetizing Effect

The better part of wisdom dictates that when a severely injured Plaintiff is being presented to a jury, the less time the jury can actually observe the victim, the stronger effect the injuries will have on the jurors. Long term and constant exposure to a severely injured person causes an anesthetizing effect with…jurors who become accustomed to the injuries and less empathetic with them as time progresses.

For example, a seriously burned individual who has horrendous scarring may cause jurors to look away upon first contact. However, if that person sits in the [court] room in sight of the jurors…for several days of trial, by the time the jurors enter the jury room to deliberate on damages, they will be anesthetized to the damage and will not view it as tragically as they would have upon initial contact.

From the Plaintiff’s viewpoint, the wiser course is to bring the seriously injured victim in to introduce to the panel on voir dire examination. Then ask the court that the person be excused and not have them return until they are called to the witness stand to testify. After testifying, they should not be seen again by the jury… .

The absence of the Plaintiff during the trial can be explained by a medical witness or psychologist who will testify that it is in the best interest of the Plaintiff not to hear the testimony concerning the accident either from the viewpoint of reliving the horrors of the events or hearing testimony about the devastating long term effects… . (Howard Nations, Powerful Persuasion)

Separate Element. As with all of our elements of general damage, disfigurement is a separate element. It must be segregated for the jury. Care must be taken in doing this and assigning a separate value. We only have one opportunity to get fairness for our injured client. Our injured client lives the rest of her life with her injuries.

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The separate element of loss of enjoyment (of life) as a component of general damages is an example of how the law is a moving stream and how good law makes common sense.

Kirk v. WSU. In 1978 Washington State University as did all major D1 universities had a cheer leading squad. The cheer leaders were as they are today-athletics. During a cheer leading practice Kathleen Kirk a WSU cheerleader sustained serious orthopedic injuries (elbow and leg) when she fell during a cheer stunt practice. Practice was at Martin Stadium on AstroTurf which is a harder surface then practice mats. The stunt was a new untried maneuver. The cheer coach had transferred and no replacement was as let named. All this translated to a negligence lawsuit against WSU.

Loss of Enjoyment. Kathleen Kirk was more then a D1 cheerleader. She was a talented ballerina. She wanted to pursue a career in ballet after college. Her injuries prevented her from becoming a ballerina. Her lawyers knew they had general damage theories for pain and suffering and for disability. But pain and suffering compensates for physical and mental discomfort. And disability compensates for inability to lead a normal life. Neither pain and suffering nor disability compensate for the loss of a life pleasure. Stated another way neither compensate for the taking of the ability to pursue a specific artistic or athletic skill.

Moving Stream. Ms Kirk’s lawyers, Richard Eymann, Steven Jones and Robert Greer, argued for a separate loss of enjoyment damage instruction at trial. Spokane County Superior Court Judge John Schultheis agreed the law is a moving stream and allowed a separate loss of enjoyment damage instruction. The jury saw the separate element of loss of enjoyment as the evidence demonstrated Ms. Kirk was a future ballerina but the injuries prevented her ballet pursuit. The jury awarded loss of enjoyment damages.

Separate Element of General Damage. The Washington State Supreme Court in Kirk v. WSU, 109 Wn.2d 448, 746 P.2d 285 (1987), agreed with plaintiff attorneys and with Judge Schultheis. The court held loss of enjoyment is a unique general damage. It is a separate general damage. It compensates for injury when injury takes away a specific artistic and/or athletic skill.

It is important to recognize loss of enjoyment is a separate general damage. It does not merge into pain and suffering or into disability. Loss of enjoyment stands alone. Loss of enjoyment recognizes special talent. Loss of enjoyment recognizes the value to the person of her special talent. Loss of enjoyment recognizes when the special talent is taken away or reduced because of injury the jury needs to be made aware. In Washington as in most states the jury then awards the monetary amount it feels properly compensates plaintiff for her loss of enjoyment.

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Suffering is different than pain and the two are distinct general damages. Disability is a third distinct general damage. The Americans with Disabilities Act defines disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially eliminates one or more major activity. 42 USC sec 12101-17 (1992). Recovery for disability compensates for the inability to lead a normal life. Kirk v. WSU, 109 Wn.2d 448, 461, 746 P.2d 285, 292 (1987

When we ask the jury for disability compensation we have a physician rate plaintiff under the AMA Guidelines for impairment. According to the AMA Guidelines a ratable disability results from an  impairment that impacts an activity of daily living (ADL). ADL’s include self care, communication, physical activity, travel, sexual function, and sleep.  Impairment in doing ADL’s  involves most of the waking hours.

When plaintiff’s physician testifies the injury results in a ratable impairment which effects ADL’s, the disability instruction must be given. Martin v. Foss Launch & Tug Co., 59 Wn.2d 302, 307, 367 P.2d 981, 984 (1962). In Washington, when  plaintiff’s physician testifies to plaintiff being partially disabled because of permanent back stiffness it is proper for the jury to decide disability. Id.

A permanent injury is seen when the impairment continues at the point of Maximum Medical Improvement (MMI). MMI occurs when the condition is unlikely to change in the next year.  Moreover, the jury can consider future disability damages when the physician testifies plaintiff more probably than not will have continuing medical problems. Martin v. Foss Launch & Tug Co., 59 Wn.2d 302, 307, 367 P.2d 981, 984 (1962).

To prove disability, in opening discuss the facts of the injury and how plaintiff’s physical limitations caused by the injury impact specific activities of daily living. During the case in chief lay witnesses testify to observations of plaintiff’s limitations. Ideally the witness is able to offer observations of plaintiff before the injury where plaintiff has no limitations. After the lay testimony follow with the MD who describes the injury, the impairment, and rates plaintiff pursuant to the AMA Guidelines.

In closing when discussing general damages take time to segregate disability. Discuss the lay and expert testimony going to disability. Reiterate the ADL limitations. Be fair in the separate disability ask. If the ask is a lump sum make sure the jury understands the disability component.

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In our last post we discussed suffering. This post discusses pain. We all know what pain is having learned by toddler-hood. In a personal injury case the general damage component of pain is readily understood by the jury. Pain does present problems though. Problems arise in dealing with jurors who have pain,  describing pain, and  asking for money for pain.

Jurors who have Pain. During jury selection when we learn a juror is in pain we acknowledge and listen to their feelings about pain. We identify other jurors in pain. We acknowledge and discuss their pain experiences. If the juror has the attitude that is insensitive to pain we look for a challenge for cause. If there is no challenge for cause we slot this juror for a peremptory challenge.

Describing Pain. To prove pain damages pain must be discussed. Ideally this is done through witnesses other then plaintiff. Lay witnesses are best. A lay witness who has known plaintiff before and after the traumatic injury is ideal for discussing observations of no pain behavior before trauma and observations of pain behavior after the trauma. As always the witness speaks with power language using nouns and verbs, avoiding adjectives and adverbs. Have the witness speak in a way that a picture forms in the minds of the listeners (the jury).

Plaintiff must testify. Care must be taken so plaintiff does not overstate and thereby be seen as a whiner. Again nouns and verbs as in this activity causes mid back pain rather then this activity causes incredible mid back pain. We like to use the 0 to 10 scale often seen in medical records. 0 being no pain and 10 being as high as one can imagine. (Rarely is there a pain level 10). Have plaintiff testify to the pain level before the trauma. Then have her rate the 0 to 10 magnitude during the acute phase of the injury. Then go to today and have her rate a good day. Then have her rate the level in can still get to. At all times plaintiff  is honest and true to herself.

Often defense has conducted an IME. The IME report which the doctor will be using to testify should be discussed  during cross on what the doctor wrote about plaintiff’s pain level. In this way the jury hears about plaintiff’s pain through defendant’s IME doctor. Also elicit findings of trigger point tenderness and spasm which are badges of legitimate pain.

Asking for Pain Damages. When asking for pain damages the lawyer must first determine if he wants to lump all general damages together and  make a lump sum ask or segregate each element of general damage and  make an item per item ask. Either way care must be taken on the amount of the ask. Never should the ask be too much. This alone is a complex problem. We have a sense of fairness in each case and we stay within our fairness limit. The plaintiff graveyard is littered with plaintiff’s who ask too much. When this happens the jury reacts by giving minimal general damages.

On making the ask be sure to remind the jury the pain is permanent. If we cannot prove permanence we drastically reduce the ask. When we have permanence we get a life expectancy instruction. This allows us to make the ask and then use the life expectancy instruction to demonstrate the reasonableness of the ask as in the ask amount translates to x amount per year, per month, per day and/or per hour. Never begin with the life expectancy instruction and build a per diem argument from there as in if you compensate plaintiff x amount per hour x number of waking hours in a day x number of days in a year x number of life expectancy years you should provide a total of x amount. This borders on a improper per diem argument and defense will kill the argument.

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